This article contains information taken from the (removed) Jurassic Park Institute site
Dilophosaurus was one of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Period. Dilophosaurus gets its name from the two thin crests of bone on the top of its head. These were probably used as a display for courtship purposes (it's unlikely that it had a frill like the movie suggests). Dilophosaurus has been found in both the U.S. and China, which, although part of the same huge landmass, were still quite a long distance from each other.
As a more primitive predatory dinosaur, Dilophosaurus didn't have forward facing eyes to give it stereo vision. It may have used scent as an integral part of its hunting technique. It had long and slender, rear-curving teeth in long jaws and strong front arms which would have been effective in grabbing prey. It was fast - probably with a top speed of about 30-mph. It also had a long tail that could have been used as a whip in a fight. Footprints attributed to Dilophosaurus appear in groups, so it may have hunted in small packs. It shares the same overall body configuration as Coelophysis even though Dilophosaurus is currently classified as a member of a different group of theropods rather than Coelophysis and its relatives.[4]
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Story
Creation
The Dilophosaurus bio with its adult size.
Dilophosaurus was recreated by InGen[5] in their compound[6] on Isla Sorna where they raised by the workers there until a few months had passed where they would be transported to the neighboring island of Isla Nublar for InGen's Jurassic Park.[7] They resided in the Dilophosaur Paddock of the park.[5][8]
The cloned Dilophosaurus had very abnormal traits that the original never had. These traits include a frill, venom glands, and a skull that resembled dromaeosaurids like Deinonychus and InGen's recreation of Velociraptor. The Dilophosaurus clones could spit venom at a range of 6 meters (20 feet) and would aim for their prey's face to stun it before the Dilophosaurus would come in for the kill.[9] The frill would expand and rattle when attacking or when preparing to attack.[5] They also were smaller than their original counterpart, though it was said that this was because the ones that were on Isla Nublar were juveniles,[9] which could explain the traits above. This could also mean that these traits will disappear when these dinosaurs are older. Juveniles would hunt in packs, but only the leader was allowed to disable prey.[9] It is unknown if the adults hunted in packs like the younger individuals.
Dr. Laura Sorkin believed it was Dr. Henry Wu's inclusion of frog DNA or a splicing error that was responsible for the abnormal traits seen in the cloned Dilophosaurs, or at least the juveniles.[10] This is most likely possible, as Dr. Wu noted that Dilophosaurus genetic structure was compatible with the DNA of Dendrobates leucomelas (Yellow-banded poison dart frog).[11]
Isla Nublar Incident (1993)
The endorsement team was meant to see the Dilophosaurus in its paddock during their tour of Jurassic Park, but no Dilophosaurs revealed themselves to the visitors.[5]
The Dilophosaurus hiding behind a tree.
When Dennis Nedry turned off the park's security systems so he could steal InGen's dinosaur embryos, Dilophosaurus was one of the many dinosaurs that were free to roam the island. One such Dilophosaur stalked Nedry himself when he was trying to get his vehicle unstuck out of a fallen tree limb. Feeling uneasy, Nedry stopped rope towing his jeep to face his stalker that was right behind him. Dennis Nedry tried to trick the dangerous dinosaur into fetching a stick for him, but the Dilophosaurus showed little care for the stick outside of the brief sound it made when it hit the forest floor. Angered that his trick was unsuccessful, Dennis Nedry jeered the Dilophosaur before running back to his jeep. But when he was climbing up the hill to get to his vehicle, the Dilophosaurus followed in pursuit and began to spit its venom at Nedry. The Dilophosaur's first attack failed to reach his eyes and its prey increased the pace of his escape only for its next spit managed to hit its target. While Dennis Nedry was wiping the stinging venom from his eyes, the Dilophosaurus went inside his vehicle where it proceeded to kill him once he got into the driver's seat.[5] Nima Cruz, one of the agents hired to retrieve Dennis' Barbasol can, later scared off the Dilophosaurus that killed him, while it was eating his corpse.[8]
After she and her colleague Miles Chadwick retrieved the Barbasol can that had gotten lost when Dennis Nedry was disoriented from the venom on his face, another Dilophosaurus attacked Miles Chadwick. Reacting to the toxin sprayed in his eyes, Miles pulled out his handgun and began to fire at the dinosaur, successfully scaring it off. But it soon returned with its pack to finish what it had started. Once Nima repaired the jeep, they initiated their attack. The two humans attempted to flee but were cornered by the Dilophosaurus not long after their decision. Miles started firing his pistol before Nima told him not to, saying that he didn't to waste his bullets because there were too many Dilophosaurs. Instead, she suggested that they should try to distract the Dilophosaurus pack. Chadwick responded selfishly by pushing Nima Cruz right at the Dilophosaurs, thinking that they would go after her instead of him. However, two of the dinosaurs wanted Miles Chadwick over Nima and they proceeded to devour him allowing Cruz a chance to drive off in Nedry's jeep that she had repaired just before the pack's ambush.
A Dilophosaurus preparing to attack Nima.
One pursued her while she was running to the staff vehicle and attempted to pounce on her, but was pushed aside by Nima when it did so. Once she had reached the vehicle, Nima dodged toxic spit from another Dilophosaurus that had encountered her at the start of the offensive that was on top of the jeep and then another Dilophosaur ran straight at Cruz only to receive a car door to the face. A Dilophosaur that behind the individual was hit by the car door proceeded to spit at Nima while she was inside the automobile, but she shielded herself from the venom by slamming the jeep's door. The rest of the pack began surround the vehicle with one jumping onto the jeep's hood trying to shatter the windshield even after Nima cranked the vehicle and was driving away. This Dilophosaurus was later flung off by the movements of the jeep and was hit by afterward.
The pack finally got another chance at killing Cruz when she crashed her recently acquired vehicle on a tree after her brief problem with the Dilophosaurus on her vehicle's roof leaving her to continue on foot. A Dilophosaurus pounced on Cruz and the two had a struggle. However, to the dismay of the Dilophosaurus pack, they had to end their pursuit of Cruz because of the arrival of the dangerous Troodon pack.
A Dilophosaurus attacking Billy Yoder.
The next day, Billy Yoder, a mercenary hired by InGen to rescue any survivors of the Isla Nublar Incident of 1993, had a skirmish with a Dilophosaurus while he was exploring one of Isla Nublar's jungles with fellow mercenary Oscar Morales. The two heard the Dilophosaurus upon entering the jungle, but it didn't choose to strike Billy Yoder until he had accidentally stepped on an egg that was inside a nearby nest (which could have belonged to the attacking dinosaur). Billy dodged the Dilophosaur's projectile attack right before it pounced on him, which in turn caused him to lose his assault rifle. Billy broke free of the Dilophosaur's grasp and dodged multiple attacks from it, but at the end of the fight the Dilophosaur pinned him to the ground again after he went to retrieve his rifle. Though before the conflict could continue further, Oscar Morales intervened by kicking the Dilophosaur off of Yoder very hard. Oscar wanted to kill the dinosaur, but Billy told him not to, saying that wasn't much of a threat now after it was hurt. The Dilo then ran off while Billy Yoder was stating his reasons not to kill it.[8]
It is unknown if there were any surviving populations after the Isla Nublar Incident of 1993. It might have become wild on Isla Sorna after Hurricane Clarissa struck the island because Dilophosaurus was among one of the information sheets given to the InGen Hunters during the Isla Sorna Incident of 1997 and was also a screensaver for one of the computers inside the Fleetwood RV Mobile Lab that was also used in the same incident.[7]
Hologram
A Dilophosaurus hologram in the Innovation Center.
No Dilophosaurus were known to have been held publicly in Jurassic World, nor were listed on its official website as attractions, but the Innovation Center included it in the Holoscape, along with Velociraptor, Spinosaurus and other dinosaurs created by InGen but not kept on display in the park. The glass of the Gyrosphere is designed to protect visitors even from them, meaning that it could have been in the park at one point.
During the second Isla Nublar incident, the holographic display of Dilophosaurus was briefly used by Gray Mitchell to distract the Velociraptor Delta while he, Claire Dearing, Owen Grady, and his brother Zach Mitchell escaped the building.[12]
Gallery
Videos
Jurassic Park
The Dilophosaurus is first seen during the Park Drive near the river. They see one animal, drinking from the river. It is a 10-foot tall carnivore, with a heavy tail, strong hind limbs, and a long neck. Its crests make a V shape above the animal's head. The crests are red and have black stripes, like a parrot or toucan, with one sex (maybe male) having darker crests than the other. Its body is covered with yellow and black spots, like a leopard, with a light green belly. It has a hooting that sounds like an owl. The Dilophosaurus clones are able to spit venom at a range of 15 meters (50 feet). Also, one gender was smaller than the other.[13][14][15][16] Their toxin contained 7 different enzymes.
After spitting at a handler, Jurassic Park staff did an investigation on their toxic spit. They also tried to remove the poison sacks, but it proved little success because they could not find them nor did they know where they were placed without doing an autopsy, which park staff wouldn't allow due to the costs of creating new dinosaurs.
Nedry's death
In the chapter "Nedry", Dennis Nedry is on his way to smuggle Dinosaur embryos out of the Park. He has taken a wrong turn and instead of the sea he has reached the river (near the Dilophosaurus territory). When Nedry tries to get back to his car he hears a hooting noise. Then he is confronted by the large and dangerous Dilophosaurus. Dennis is first blinded, then his gut is ripped open, and finally the creature puts his jaws around his head.
Nedry's body is later found by Muldoon and Gennaro, with Muldoon remarking "They blinded him, then ripped him down the middle. Not a nice way to go. Maybe there's justice in this world after all."
River Adventure
Because no frog DNA was used to clone the Dilophosaurs, they don't reproduce in the first novel. However, in the first novel Grant sees a couple of Dilophosaurus (both male and female) at the river, which were performing a mating ritual. This seeming contradiction is never explained.
End
In the chapter Under Control, it is revealed that three Dilophosaurus have died during the park incident.[17] They might have been hunted and killed by the Raptors or the Tyrannosaurus after they escaped. All the Dilophosaurus are killed during the Costa Rica Napalm Bombing.
The Lost World
The Dilophosaurs are never seen or mentioned in Jurassic Park's sequel, The Lost World. However, they might have died out due to their lack to reproduce, or just nesting in a different region of Isla Sorna.
All of the games used the juvenile Dilophosaurus seen in the first film to depict adult Dilophosaurs.
NES game
Dilophosaurus appeared in the NES game Jurassic Park. It jumps from behind trees, objects, walls and spits poison.
SNES game
Spitting dilophosaurs are an enemy in the SNES game Jurassic Park. Their spit doesn't cause a lot of damage and they can be easily killed. The creature is seen in more detail inside buildings.
Sega Genesis game
Dilophosaurs are an enemy in the SEGA video game Jurassic Park.
Jurassic Park Interactive
Spitters are an enemy in the game Jurassic Park Interactive.
Jurassic Park (arcade game)
Dilophosaurs are encountered in Area 1 and 4 in the arcade game Jurassic Park.
Chaos Island
Spitters appear in Chaos Island: The Lost World. They are the only dinosaurs in the game with ranged attack.
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)
A few Spitters are encountered in the Stage 1 of the arcade game The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
Dinosaur Battles
In the PC game Jurassic Park Dinosaur Battles, Dilophosaurus is an opponent. It is a fast opponent, advanced Dilophosaurs have strong piercing attacks. The Dilophosaurus cannot be obtained in the game, as with the Gallimimus.
Island Attack
Dilophosaurus is an enemy in Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, in the level The Laboratory the player has to defeat a pack of Dilophosaurs in a boss fight.
Jurassic Park III: Park Builder
The creature is nr. 008 of the Carnivore Twos that can be created in Jurassic Park III: Park Builder.
Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor
In Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor, Dilophosaurus is one of the 12 encountered dinosaurs on Isla Sorna.
Jurassic Park III (arcade game)
In the arcade game Jurassic Park III, Dilophosaurus appears in Areas 1 and 4.
Jurassic Park: Explorer
Dilophosaurus is featured in the DVD game Jurassic Park: Explorer. A player earns a dinosaur when he/she wins a minigame, when the earned dinosaur is a Dilophosaurus this video will be shown. The video shows that the animal is 7 meters (23 ft) long, as it was in reality, but it still has the neck frill.
Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis
see Dilophosaurus/Operation Genesis
Dilophosaurs appear Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis as a two-star small carnivore, the game's Dilophosaur shares all of the characteristics of the one in the movie, from the frill to the small stature.
It can spit venom at prey but does not, however, spit venom at the visitors, despite the spaces between the bars on the fence. If not in the fence though, they then can hunt visitors, as well as cleaners, even though the cleaners will most likely never be killed by the dinosaurs, no matter how many times they've been hit by venom. This is most likely a game play error, or the cleaners are wearing venom proof clothing.
The Dilophosaurus (the weakest of the small carnivores) will only attack and kill small herbivores such as Dryosaurus, Homalocephale, and Gallimimus and is unable to take down large or armored small herbivores. They can be placed along with Velociraptor in one enclosure as long as they are not rampaging. They can even be placed with non aggressive herbivores such as Edmontosaurus.
Jurassic Park: Builder
Dilophosaurus is one of the available dinosaurs on the IOS application, Jurassic Park: Builder. It should be noted that, when it is young, it sounds like a raptor, and when adult, its sound is that of a T. rex.
LEGO Jurassic World
Dilophosaurus appears in the video game LEGO Jurassic World. It is one of the 20 playable dinosaurs in the game and is among the first carnivorous dinosaurs that can be unlocked for Free Play, as its Amber Brick is the earliest one that can be obtained in the Jurassic Park section that contains the DNA of a carnivorous Dinosaur. Its special ability is being able to spit its iconic venom, making them only dinosaur in the game that can naturally use ranged attacks, though dinosaurs can be customized with a Dilophosaurus head to grant them this ability. [18] Their acidic spit can also be used to destroy Black colored Lego bricks. Due to their size, the Dilophosaurus can be accessed through the character selection in Free Play once their Amber Brick is obtained, as well as via Dino Spawners. The species Amber Brick can be obtained during the Jurassic Park T. Rex Chase level and its skeleton can be unlocked by collecting all 10 Minikits in the Park Shutdown chapter (T. Rex Enclosure, Rescue Timmy, and T. Rex Chase). Dilophosaurus also appear as regular enemies, with some of them being smaller than the playable ones. Several Dilophosaurus can also be encountered in the Dilophosaur Paddock and will only attack if attack be the player. A park employee inside of their pin will mention getting spit on by them and humorously reveals that it was sticky and his feet got stuck together and had to jump around the entire day. Another employee will mention that he doesn't want to get spit on, as the laundry on the island is expensive. These comments indicate that in the universe of LEGO Jurassic World their spit is not poisonous, though it is acidic enough to break down Black LEGO objects. Like the film, the Dilophosaurus spits at Nedry and follows him into the car though it doesn't eat him as Nedry manages to stuff one of his chicken legs in the Dilophosaur's mouth and flees from the vehicle, though he leaves the Barbasol can in the vehicle which is knocked out as the Dilophosaurus struggles with the chicken leg in its mouth. Later on, when Lex is rebooting the park's systems, Nedry can be seen trying to avoid the Dilophosaur that is searching for him. Interestingly, in Free Mode, the Dilophosaurus Acid Spit is required to remove a Black Lego rock covering dirt where the Barbasol can is buried allowing it to be dug up and reassembled to receive a Gold Brick. In the same area, a photo of Nedry and the Dilophosaur can be taken to receive a Gold Brick as well.
Jurassic World: The Game
Dilophosaurus is a dinosaur put in your park in Jurassic World: The Game. Dilophosaurus is unlocked at Battle arena stage 33 and costs 690 DNA when unlocked.
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Jurassic Park Arcade
Dilophosaurus appears as one of the featured dinosaurs in the Jurassic Park game by Raw Thrills.
information needed
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Jurassic Park Series 1
Three of toys of Dilophosaurus were made for the Jurassic Park Series 1. One was able to squirt water out of its mouth to simulate venom. Another called the Electronic Dilophosaurus was produced that had a removable frill and was able to roar upon attacking. A Dilophosaur figure was also included with the Bush Devil Tracker vehicle.
Die-Cast: Jurassic Park
A die-cast figure of Dilophosaurus was packaged with a die-cast Stegosaurus in the Die-Cast: Jurassic Park toy line.
Jurassic Park Series 2
A repaint of the Dilophosaurus able to squirt water with capture gear appeared in Jurassic Park Series 2.
The Lost World Series 1
Another repaint of the water-squirting Dilophosaur figure from Jurassic Park Series 1 appeared in the The Lost World Series 1. The figure also came with a repaint of the capture gear included with the Jurassic Park Series 2 toy.
Chaos Effect
Dilophosaurus did not appear in the toy line Jurassic Park: Chaos Effect, though a genetic hybrid between it and Spinosaurus called Dilophospinus was a part of the lineup.
Chaos Effect Night Hunter
Dilophosaurus was going to appear in the unreleased Chaos Effect Night Hunter toy line. This unreleased toy was to come with Carter, a dirt bike, and captive gear.
Jurassic Park III (Hasbro)
A Dilophosaurus figure was released as a part of Hasbro's Jurassic Park III toy line.
Jurassic Park Junior
A Dilophosaur was packaged with an Ankylosaurus and a park worker in the Jurassic Park Junior toy line.
CamoXtreme
A toy of Dilophosaurus was a part of the CamoXtreme toy line.
Jurassic Park 2011 toys
A Dilophosaurus figure was going to be in the Jurassic Park 2011 toy line packaged with a Stegosaurus, but was ultimately cancelled. There is a possibility of it being released in a future toy line, though.
Jurassic World
A figure of Dilophosaurus will appear in the Jurassic World toy line. It is able to fire a venom projectile.
LEGO Jurassic World
Misc
Jurassic Park: The Ride
In Jurassic Park: The Ride, a number of Dilophosaurs can be seen. The first one that appears in the ride feasting on the dead remains of passengers of a boat that had gone into despair in the Raptor Containment Area. A group of Dilophosaurus (two in the Hollywood version, three in the Universal Studios Orlando version) spit at the visitors as they go into the Water Treatment Facility.
In the Halloween event, Project Evilution, a scientist named Dr. Burton accidentally creates human-Dilophosaurus hybrids. When visitors encounter them, the hybrids want to eat them. At the end of the Project Evilution ride, they hang their creator.
Behind the scenes
Dilophosaurus, along with Procompsognathus and Troodon, are the only known venomous dinosaurs in the Jurassic Park franchise.
Dilophosaurus lived during the early Jurassic Period, before mosquitoes are currently confirmed by the fossil record to exist. If Jurassic Park was able to find any viable DNA specimens, there would have been very little to go on. This would mean that there would be more gaps than normal in the DNA sequence, subsequently filled by more frog DNA. This could explain why the Dilophosaurus are so different from their prehistoric counterparts, far more so than other dinosaurs.
The movie's Dilo was also sized down to prevent confusion with the raptors.[19] Because of its minor role, the filmmakers were able to not fully follow the storyboards involving the Dilo completely.[20] Similarly, Shane Mahan—head of the Stan Winston Studio team who created the Dilophosaur—went ahead and created the full-sized animatronic without making a full-size maquette, his reasons being that he was confident that his team did not require a full maquette to create it and because he "wanted to get right into the actual character."[19]
Shane Mahan detailing the heads of the final design of the Dilophosaurus animatronic.
The Stan Winston Studio team responsible for the creation of the Dilophosaur animatronic analyzed frame by frame a documentary featuring an ostrich which the used to create the hopping gait of its animatronic. Initially, a cam operated mechanism was created for one of its legs to follow the gait of an ostrich before a different mechanism was chosen. This later mechanism were rods coming out of its feet going beneath the floor and operated by a puppeteer.[21] Inspired by the Steadicam, Rick Galinson created the concept for its neck.[19] Each spring in the neck and head were sprung differently with each spring being heavier from the head the to the body, providing realistic movements.[21] This had mechanism had originally been proposed for the raptor, but Stan Winston Studio was not convinced that it work had an animal that large, so the steady cam mechanism was transferred to the Dilophosaurus. After the mechanism was crated, Stan Winston was impressed by what Galinson had done and applied it to the animatronic of the Velociraptor's head and neck, scrapping an alternate design for the raptor animatronic.[19] The animatronic had three interchangeable heads: the frill in a lowered position, mechanized to allow the frill to open, and lastly the frill open and able to rattle as well as the ability to spit.[22] The frill itself was a sheet of latex rubber glued onto some support rods hooked to a pulley. When activated it rotate out and forward at the same time as it was coming off the animatronic Dilo's neck. Its ability to spit was a paintball mechanism with the spit itself being a mixture of KY Jelly and food coloring. Underneath the tongue of the third head were two holes for the tubing that would have high-pressure air pumped through them to allow the animatronic the ability to "spit". The rest of the body, such as the head, tail, and arms were radio controlled.[21] Cable-actuated insert legs were also created to portray the Dilo's hop when it initially approaches Nedry. The hopping was created by the legs being suspended from stage catwalks on bungee cords.[23][22]
Unused paddock icon.
The death of Nedry was filmed at Universal Studios Stage 27.[24] For the filming of Nedry's demise, a trench was built on the set for the path the Dilophosaurus would take as well as so that Shane Mahan could support and puppeteer the Dilo's legs while a crane above supported its body and the rest of the team responsible for its creation radio-controlled the other body parts of the animatronic upstairs. Because of the copious amount of water that was to be on the set during shooting, the soundstage used in the filming of the scene had a water tank underneath the set and was supposed to drain into the Los Angeles River, but the drainage system did not function well. This caused water to overflow into the puppeteering area, which lead to Mahan being given a riser to stand on just to get at least some of the water off of him, but the water level only got higher. The roaring of the water made it difficult to hear out of his headset making him unable to hear the film crew, which made him rely on video monitor stacked onto some Snapple boxes. But water got so high that this monitor floated away from Mahan and was rising to his chest. However, this was toward the end of filming and filming of the scene was filmed without Mahan drowning.[22][21] Director Steven Spielberg thought that the Dilophosaurus was going to be the easiest practical dinosaur to film in Jurassic Park, but was disappointed by the problems that occurred when filming of the scene.[25] The Dilophosaurus and Triceratops are the only dinosaurs to appear in Jurassic Park that did not use CGI, only using animatronics.
The sounds of the Dilophosaurus came from various sources. The hooting sounds it made were created from a swan call while the screeches it made when preparing to spit were created from a mixture of a hawk, howler monkey, an egret (that has a raspy call), and sound designer Gary Rydstrom making a croaking sound to give the dinosaur some body and weight. The rattling of its frill was also created from a rattlesnake and a "very exotic" insect.[26][27] [28]
The Jurassic Park trading card of Dilophosaurus incorrectly states that it is forty feet in height.[29] If this were the case that would mean the crested dinosaur would be taller than Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus as well as both its real life and film counterparts. This seems to have been an error by the publisher as the card "A Dilophosaur Drops By" gives a more accurate height of four feet for the film's Dilo.[30]
The Jurassic Park depiction of Dilophosaurus has been taken up by others. Several other video games, such as ParaWorld, Jurassic: The Hunted, Nanosaur, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, feature Dilophosaurus modeled after the representations in Jurassic Park. In Primal Carnage, the Dilophosaur can spit poison over long distances, but it doesn't have a frill. The Whitest Kids U'Know sketch "Dinosaur Rap" (a music video for Trevor Moore's "Gettin' High With Dinosaurs") features a Dilophosaurus, complete with a short frill.
The holographic Dilophosaurus in Jurassic World was the size of Delta the Velociraptor, providing more evidence that the Dilophosaurus in Jurassic Park was a juvenile.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dinosaur Field Guide, page 64.
- ↑ InGen Field Guide, page 16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Seen on computer in Trailer, see picture in text.
- ↑ Dinopedia on the JPI site
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Jurassic Park
- ↑ Jurassic Park III
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Lost World: Jurassic Park
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Jurassic Park: The Game
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Tour the Island
- ↑ InGen Field Journal, Dilophosaurus
- ↑ KARYOLYSIS
- ↑ Jurassic World
- ↑ Jurassic Park (novel), page 300
- ↑ Jurassic Park (novel), Control, page 142
- ↑ Jurassic Park (novel), Nedry (chapter), page 195.
- ↑ Jurassic Park (novel), page 147
- ↑ Jurassic Park (novel), Under Control, page 368
- ↑ Mike Taylor Interview. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfCcY_1oejw
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 The Making of Jurassic Park, pp. 35-36 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Making" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Jurassic Park Topps trading cards: #92 - Likeable But Lethal
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 JURASSIC PARK's Spitter - Building the Dilophosaurus Dinosaur puppet
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Mahan, Shane. (August 17, 2012) Jurassic Park's Spiter Attacks Nedry. Stan Winston School of Character Arts, excerpted from the book The Winston Effect: The Art & History of Stan Winston Studio.
- ↑ The Making of Jurassic Park, pp. 113-114.
- ↑ Essman, Scott. (April 10, 2013) Former Stan Winston Artists Discuss Jurassic Park. Below the Line.
- ↑ Sears, Rufus. (October 12, 2014) How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time. Empire Online, first published in Empire Magazine #50 (August 1993).
- ↑ The Making of Jurassic Park documentary
- ↑ The Making of Jurassic Park, p. 144.
- ↑ Buachann, Kyle. (June 9, 2015) You’ll Never Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were Made. Vulture.
- ↑ Jurassic Park Topps trading cards: #4 - Dilophosaurus
- ↑ Jurassic Park Topps trading cards: #44 - A Dilophosaur Drops By
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